Lecture Notes: Evolutionary Medicine and Health Psychology
DOI: 10.69642/4938
Abstract
This lecture discusses the evolutionary origins of human health behaviors, emphasizing the role of signal detection theory and error management theory in understanding modern health psychology. The content explores how ancestral survival mechanisms shape present-day decision-making, diet, stress responses, and mental health outcomes.
# Introduction
Hello everybody, welcome.
Good afternoon. Today, we are going to spend our first lecture discussing health psychology and human origins from an evolutionary perspective. We will do a brief overview of the evolutionary origins of the human species, focusing on how evolutionary psychology provides insights into health behaviors. We do not need to rely on complex evolutionary theory for this course, but I will introduce some fundamental concepts that help us understand how our ancestors’ way of life influences modern health behaviors.
Our goal is to explore the mismatch between evolutionary adaptations and industrialized environments, examining how these differences contribute to health behaviors—both beneficial and maladaptive.
## Evolutionary Perspectives on Health
Human physiology and behavior evolved under environmental pressures that differ significantly from the modern world. Our ancestors lived in small, cooperative groups as hunter-gatherers, relying on physical activity, a natural diet, and social cohesion. Many of the traits that helped early humans survive are still present today but may now contribute to modern health challenges.
One of the key frameworks for understanding these challenges is extbf{signal detection theory (SDT)} and extbf{error management theory (EMT)}. These theories help explain how humans evolved to make survival-based decisions in uncertain environments and how those biases continue to shape behavior today.
## Signal Detection Theory and Error Management Theory
The human mind is wired to assess threats and opportunities under conditions of uncertainty. SDT explains how individuals must make quick decisions with incomplete information, balancing the risk of false alarms (false positives) and missed detections (false negatives). EMT expands on this, showing that evolution tends to favor decision-making biases that minimize the most costly errors.
A classic illustration of this is the extbf{Turkey vs. Tiger} problem. Imagine an early human hearing rustling in the bushes. If they assume it is a tiger and flee, they may waste energy if it turns out to be a turkey (false positive). However, if they assume it is a turkey and are wrong, the consequence could be fatal (false negative). Because the cost of missing a real predator is much higher than the cost of an unnecessary escape, natural selection has favored a bias toward assuming threats are real, even at the risk of overreacting.
This bias extends beyond immediate survival threats. For example, humans often over-perceive anger or hostility in social interactions to avoid costly conflicts. Similarly, in mating contexts, men may overestimate women’s interest as a reproductive strategy, minimizing the risk of missed opportunities at the cost of some false positives.
## Mismatch Theory and Modern Health
Mismatch theory explains how traits that were adaptive in ancestral environments can become maladaptive in modern societies. Our bodies and minds are still optimized for a world of scarcity, high physical activity, and close social bonds, yet we now live in environments of abundance, sedentarism, and increased social isolation.
## Diet and Nutrition
Our ancestors evolved to seek out calorie-dense foods because food was often scarce. This preference remains hardwired into our biology, leading to overconsumption of high-sugar and high-fat foods in today’s environment of food abundance. Processed foods, which exploit these evolved cravings, contribute to widespread obesity and metabolic disorders.
## Physical Activity
Hunter-gatherers were constantly active, moving throughout the day to hunt, gather, and avoid predators. Modern lifestyles, which involve prolonged sitting and low physical activity, contribute to chronic health conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Our evolutionary past suggests that movement should be a regular part of daily life rather than something compartmentalized into structured exercise routines.
## Stress and Mental Health
Our ancestors experienced short bursts of acute stress, such as escaping predators or securing food. Modern stressors, such as job pressure, financial worries, and social comparisons, lead to chronic activation of the stress response, resulting in negative health outcomes like hypertension, anxiety, and depression. Evolutionarily informed strategies, such as fostering strong social connections and engaging in mindfulness practices, can help mitigate these effects.
# Conclusion
By understanding health behaviors through the lens of evolutionary psychology, we can better address modern health challenges. Signal detection theory and error management theory provide insight into how our minds process threats and opportunities, often erring on the side of caution to minimize costly mistakes. However, in today’s world, these biases sometimes lead to maladaptive behaviors, such as chronic stress, unhealthy eating, and misinterpretation of social signals.
Recognizing these evolutionary influences allows us to design better interventions, promoting health behaviors that align more closely with our ancestral adaptations while addressing the unique challenges of modern environments.
This lecture discusses the evolutionary origins of human health behaviors, emphasizing the role of signal detection theory and error management theory in understanding modern health psychology. The content explores how ancestral survival mechanisms shape present-day decision-making, diet, stress responses, and mental health outcomes.
# Introduction
Hello everybody, welcome.
Good afternoon. Today, we are going to spend our first lecture discussing health psychology and human origins from an evolutionary perspective. We will do a brief overview of the evolutionary origins of the human species, focusing on how evolutionary psychology provides insights into health behaviors. We do not need to rely on complex evolutionary theory for this course, but I will introduce some fundamental concepts that help us understand how our ancestors’ way of life influences modern health behaviors.
Our goal is to explore the mismatch between evolutionary adaptations and industrialized environments, examining how these differences contribute to health behaviors—both beneficial and maladaptive.
## Evolutionary Perspectives on Health
Human physiology and behavior evolved under environmental pressures that differ significantly from the modern world. Our ancestors lived in small, cooperative groups as hunter-gatherers, relying on physical activity, a natural diet, and social cohesion. Many of the traits that helped early humans survive are still present today but may now contribute to modern health challenges.
One of the key frameworks for understanding these challenges is extbf{signal detection theory (SDT)} and extbf{error management theory (EMT)}. These theories help explain how humans evolved to make survival-based decisions in uncertain environments and how those biases continue to shape behavior today.
## Signal Detection Theory and Error Management Theory
The human mind is wired to assess threats and opportunities under conditions of uncertainty. SDT explains how individuals must make quick decisions with incomplete information, balancing the risk of false alarms (false positives) and missed detections (false negatives). EMT expands on this, showing that evolution tends to favor decision-making biases that minimize the most costly errors.
A classic illustration of this is the extbf{Turkey vs. Tiger} problem. Imagine an early human hearing rustling in the bushes. If they assume it is a tiger and flee, they may waste energy if it turns out to be a turkey (false positive). However, if they assume it is a turkey and are wrong, the consequence could be fatal (false negative). Because the cost of missing a real predator is much higher than the cost of an unnecessary escape, natural selection has favored a bias toward assuming threats are real, even at the risk of overreacting.
This bias extends beyond immediate survival threats. For example, humans often over-perceive anger or hostility in social interactions to avoid costly conflicts. Similarly, in mating contexts, men may overestimate women’s interest as a reproductive strategy, minimizing the risk of missed opportunities at the cost of some false positives.
## Mismatch Theory and Modern Health
Mismatch theory explains how traits that were adaptive in ancestral environments can become maladaptive in modern societies. Our bodies and minds are still optimized for a world of scarcity, high physical activity, and close social bonds, yet we now live in environments of abundance, sedentarism, and increased social isolation.
## Diet and Nutrition
Our ancestors evolved to seek out calorie-dense foods because food was often scarce. This preference remains hardwired into our biology, leading to overconsumption of high-sugar and high-fat foods in today’s environment of food abundance. Processed foods, which exploit these evolved cravings, contribute to widespread obesity and metabolic disorders.
## Physical Activity
Hunter-gatherers were constantly active, moving throughout the day to hunt, gather, and avoid predators. Modern lifestyles, which involve prolonged sitting and low physical activity, contribute to chronic health conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Our evolutionary past suggests that movement should be a regular part of daily life rather than something compartmentalized into structured exercise routines.
## Stress and Mental Health
Our ancestors experienced short bursts of acute stress, such as escaping predators or securing food. Modern stressors, such as job pressure, financial worries, and social comparisons, lead to chronic activation of the stress response, resulting in negative health outcomes like hypertension, anxiety, and depression. Evolutionarily informed strategies, such as fostering strong social connections and engaging in mindfulness practices, can help mitigate these effects.
# Conclusion
By understanding health behaviors through the lens of evolutionary psychology, we can better address modern health challenges. Signal detection theory and error management theory provide insight into how our minds process threats and opportunities, often erring on the side of caution to minimize costly mistakes. However, in today’s world, these biases sometimes lead to maladaptive behaviors, such as chronic stress, unhealthy eating, and misinterpretation of social signals.
Recognizing these evolutionary influences allows us to design better interventions, promoting health behaviors that align more closely with our ancestral adaptations while addressing the unique challenges of modern environments.